Economic Perspectives Of Global Warming Case Study

Economic Perspectives Of Global Warming - Case Study Example Global Warming and Climate Change have now become the buzzwords and rightly too. Carbon Dioxide released from the burning of fuels especially fossil fuels is a significant contributor to the global warming effect. The ever-increasing concentration has been held responsible for the breaking of Arctic Ice Caps; the retreat of glaciers, increase in salinity, storms, floods and so forth. In short, the results could be catastrophic for civilization as we know it. Greenhouse gases tend to stay put before they dissipate. While the jury is still out on the ways to tackle this problem, there is no doubt that economic trade-offs will be involved. Economics provides the necessary tools to realistically address the problem. "It's really now a battle over the economics," said James E. Rogers, chief executive of Duke Energy, who has long advocated curbing carbon emissions. "The debate is not about the climate problem. Everybody could agree on the principles and still get the economics wrong." ( NYT 6th, June 2008 ) The least cost option, as identified by economists, is one which increases reductions over the decades. This will allow for capital depreciation and also the replacement of conventional energy sources like coal, fuel oil, etc. with alternative sources like wind, solar power, Nuclear Power and the like. It is no coincidence that China and India are among the major sources for greenhouse emissions have been under pressure from the OECD and the Group of Eight to look at alternative energy sources. Neither is any altruism involved. Economics dictate adoption of a pragmatic approach which would be all inclusive i.e. include the developed and developing countries (who are way below emission levels in the developed economies and still in an economic growth path with no incentive to cut down on such emissions). Climate is perceived as a public good and therefore international cooperation is de rigueur.

Serious Game Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Serious Game Critique - Essay Example Farmville is a very popular game all around the world. It is meant to improve the intellectual and the creative capacity of the user. Moreover, the environmental aspects associated with the game intend to improve the aptitude of people towards farming and environment. The game has been designed based on the traits of responsibility and regularity. For instance, if a vegetable is planted by the gamer in the morning, the player will have to return on a set time to irrigate it or harvest it so as to maintain the crop. It is the regular maintenance and harvesting of the crops that advances one through the game. As I played the game, I felt that the game apparently stimulates an encouraging emotional change. The mouse clicks, through which the player plough, harvest and plant are perceived as expressions of hard work and dedication. The rewards of harvesting result in a lot of satisfaction through which a positive emotional status is created. I personally felt being proud of receiving the rewards of the labor that I put in. These rewards could further be used to enhance the farming area both qualitatively and quantitatively. As the game is played on the public forum, the farms can be showcased on the social media and can be compared with the farms of the virtual neighbors. This is an important social element associated with the game. It lets you boast over your achievement on the game in the virtual social space. Further as I advanced through the game, I discovered the game to be shallow in terms of its content. As the advanced stages I could not find the process intellectually or emotionally empowering. The game becomes simpler and less laborious as one achieves more rewards in the game. For instance, at later stages of the game the harvesting machine eases the player of the labour of clicking each square plot. Thus my experience the game fails in sustaining the emotional, physical and social excitement which it provides in the beginning. Thus at an advanced level game was delimiting the social and physical improvement of the user The game is obviously growing in its popularity. The provision for the current users to tempt the non-users through their facebook accounts severs as provision for its increasing popularity. These face book ‘updates’ creates a state of obligation for others to join. The game thus can be found to be bound by the principles of obligation along with responsibility and regularity. The commercial success and the increasing popularity of the game suggest the success of the game in catering to the targeted audience. Farmville also bound its users by adding an ethical aspect to it. The game raised almost one million dollars for the Haiti earthquake relief operations. This move could successfully bring in social and emotional change within the community of the gamers. They developed a feeling that they were playing for a social cause. This promoted more people to join the gaming community and further bound the g amers together. The physical change that the game brought forth in its gamers is however limited. The healthy physical, psychological and social development of any individual requires their active involvement in a variety of physical and social activities in the real time environment. For an individual to be healthy, happy, and productive, the integration of their physical activities, social interaction and

Anti-Social Behaviour Orders | Analysis

Anti-Social Behaviour Orders | Analysis Our society gives us the right to live in a safe and secure community. But along with these rights, we have some responsibilities. We all have a responsibility towards our neighboursand we must treat them respectfully in the community. Also for the security and betterment of the society, the antisocialists should know that their behaviour will not be accepted and action will be taken against them if they continue with their behavior. Such behavior often includes aggression and hostility which often results in to physical or verbal abuse. They might refuse to follow the rules of a situation or disregard the power of a superior (Farrington Coid 2003). An ASBO (Anti Social Behavior Order) is specially designed for children 8-17 year olds whose existing behaviorshows signs of future offending activities. The community works together to stop this offending behavior through educational, diversionary activities and family support. The main aims of the community are to reduce the number of youngsters from entering the criminal system, to improve attendance of the identified groups at school and to minimize the factors that would help someone lead to an offensive behavior(Great Britain: National Audit Office 2006). The scale of the problem Of all the problems which most affect neighborhoods up and down the country, antisocial behavior has perhaps the maximum potential to affect the quality of community life. It has been very difficult to find accurate statistics on the nature and popularity of antisocial behaviour. There are some current methods such as self-report studies, victim surveys and data gathered through police, courts, fire service and other criminal justice agencies through which data on antisocial behaviour are gathered (McAtamney Morgan 2009). These sources of information are considered useful but they are restricted in their capability to provide a precise description of antisocial behavior. Such sources often involve incidents that are unrecorded since they are difficult to notice and do not get in contact with the courts.Further, it also depends upon the type of incident being examined. The more popular an incident is, the more people will fight against it. Also antisocial behaviours such as being rude and abusive are difficult to define and no agencies are responsible for collecting data on it. It is considered to be an important problem of the society since more and more people are getting involved in it. Such patterns are shown in early ages such as 13 to 14 years. At this age, antisocial acts include stealing something from someones house or getting involved in a fight with a classmate or been suspended from school. Such behaviors may lead to dangerous anti-social behaviors at a later age. Researches show that some of the antisocial acts are common such as cigarette use or skipping school and these acts might not have the possibility to lead to dangerous acts in the future (Melton Borough Council 2013). All of this is of course is not possible without the effective enforcement of ASBO by the court. People who are insistent on harassing the society should be punished accordingly. Those who continue to bring fear, distress and misery to local communities should not go unpunished. Sentences should reflect the seriousness of the crime and do so in a consistent manner. The police play an important role in this regard and could help improve quality of life of the community (Millie 2008). The rationale for making this a key concern after 1997: Now the question is, why was antisocial behavior made a key concern after 1997? As it is generally believed and also several studies have proved that if special attention is not given towards this matter it can lead to serious crimes. According to NACRO (2002), this theory is termed as contagion theory. This theory suggests that the presence of evil or destruction leads to more destruction or evil. Wilson and Kelling have termed this contagious effect as the broken window. As it is generally believed that a building with a broken window means that no one cares about the building so this will lead to more broken windows and this shows that breaking more windows does not really cost anything. Further, antisocial behavior can be costly for communities. It affects the stability of an areas market. It alsoaffects the success of local businesses and can be costly to repair. This repair can be in terms of financial and human resources. A proper record for the damages is not kept since there are limited sources for the collection of data. But acts such as neighbor nuisance, destruction of property and criminal damage can be estimated. Furthermore, antisocial behavior can affect the lives of the executors which would in return also affect their families. They can be excluded from school, expulsed from their homes and become involved with the criminal system (Spalding 2011) A discussion of the key initiatives undertaken to deal with this problem, starting with the 1997 Crime Disorder Act (ASBOs) and the subsequent development of this approach CR- ASBOs, dispersal orders, the Respect Agenda etc The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 was passed in December 1997 by both Houses; Commons and Lords and also received Royal Assent in 1998. A number of key issues were discussed in this Act, which include the introduction of Anti-Social Orders, Parenting Orders, Sex Offender Orders, increasing the Local Authority responsibilities for crime reduction etc. Here we will be discussing the main area of interest that isAnti-Social Behavior Orders (ASBOs)(UK Parliamanet Publications and records 2005). Anti-Social Behavior Orders: According to Part I of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the type of behavior that is generally thought of as being antisocial is raucous, irritating or intimidating behavior which often takes place in community areas.This kind of behavior can also pull out to sabotage and graffiti. Further this behavior includes dealing and buying drugs on the street, dumping rubbish and disposing of cars. Begging also comes under the anti-social umbrella. The Crime and Disorder Act was modified in to a civil remedy called the Anti-Social Behavior Orders or ASBOs in order to engage in with the government to tackle unacceptable activities that were impacting the quality of community life. According to the Act, any person who might have engaged in anti-social behavior is to be taken care of by the Magistrate or the Sheriff. As mentioned above, anti-social behavioris defined by the Actas a conduct which caused or was likely to cause alarm, harassment or distress to one or more persons not of the same ho usehold as him or herself and where an ASBO is seen as necessary to protect relevant persons from further anti-social acts by the defendant. An ASBO can include a ban from entering a specific area or talking to certain people according to different individuals it is made in respect for. Violation of an ASBO is considered a criminal offence and conviction may lead to a minimum of two, or a maximum of five years detention. Though most of the ASBOs are issued in respect of the types of behaviors pointed out earlier but there have been circumstances in where the ASBOs have been issued in more unusual situations. This has led to severe condemnation. For example, in February 2003, a 16-year-old boy was forbidden from showing his tattoos,in public anywhere in the country. In July 2003,an 87-year-old man received an order for being rude and sarcastic to his neighbors. He was the oldest recipient for an order. Further in December 2004, a man became the first farmer to become the recipient of an ASBO when he was ordered to keep his pigs and geese under control. This happened because the people living near his farm complained that his animals had escaped and caused damage to their properties (Clarke, 2003). It is an official implementation which carries the full force of legal execution. It was generally believed that ASBO is only used for adults but recently it has been discussed that it can be applied to any individual who is over the age of ten years. An ASBO needs a minimum time of two years to be placed and can be reviewed if your behavior has improved. It is only placed in an area where a certain anti-social behavior is reported. According to the UK government website young offenders can be fined up to 250-1000 pounds. You can also get a detention and training order (DTO) for up to 24 months whereas adults are fined up to 5000 pounds or five years of imprisonment or both (Farrington Coid, 2003). Anti-Social Behavior Orders may be used in several situations that pertain to ongoing anti-social behavior. ASBOs are used when someone has been warned several times and even then, social behavior is not improved. However, in many cases, there are solutions which are less severe and less strict than ASBOs, which will be different according to each situation. However, these ordersmay not be equally suitable in every situation. For example, if you have been in disagreement with your neighbors over who owns the boundary between your houses, but your neighbor hasnt shown any anti-social behavior, an ASBO would not be the right way to deal with this problem and the court probably would not grant one anyway. CR-ASBOs A CR-ASBO is a Criminal Anti-Social Behavior Order. It is a social or civil order;the main reason for its existence is to protect the community from anti-social behavior. It can be obtained much quicker than an ASBO. But they are not taken in to court until the criminal court is concluded.A Crasbo order is issued when a conviction is made on criminal proceedings. The parties responsible for serving an order are the Criminal Courts(Millie 2008). These orders are received by individuals who are convicted of criminal offence or anti-social behavior. This order describes the anti-social behavior in the crime for which they are condemned for. For example a Crasbo was received by Fred Bloggs which was placed by the CPS. It forbids him from entering Waterside in Stratford. Another reason for the existence of Crasbo is to encourage local people to become enthusiastically involved in reporting crime and anti-social behavior which would in return help to put together and shelter the community(Millie 2008). The main difference between a CRASBO and an ASBO is that a Crasbo is receivedafter a criminal conviction is made. A Crasbo is unique to all cases. The convicted will have a set of prohibitions unique to his case to thwart anti-social behavior from re-occurring and to guard the society from such acts. A Crasbo could result in banning the individual from any of the following:(Millie 2008). * Committing any anti-social acts * Connecting with certain people * Leaving home after a certain time * Entering defined areas in the community * Entering specified buildings, shopping areas etc Just like an ASBO, the breach of a Crasbo is also considered a criminal offence. And the maximum punishment is 5 years of imprisonment for adults. Dispersal Orders Section 30 of the Anti-Social Behavior Order provides local authorities to tackle anti-social behavior committed by groups of people. Such orders are placed on certain areas at different times. The areas could be as small or as large as necessary, as long as there is evidence of anti-social behavior there. If an area is under a dispersal order the police are allowed to separate or move groups of two or more people from that area. The police have been given authority to do this if they have a reason to believe that the group has or might harass, intimidate, alarm or distress any member of the public(Spalding 2011). The groups asked to be dispersed by the police wont be allowed to reunite in that area in the next twenty four hours. If someone violates the order, it will be regarded as criminal offence and could result in a fine of up to  £5,000 or custody for up to three months. A senior police officer makes the decision about the order and this order can be placed on an area for up to six months. The validity period expires after six months but a new order can be put in place if there were enough reports regarding groups causing criminal behavior(Spalding 2011). Respect Agenda Tony Blair launched the Respect Agenda in United Kingdom in 2005. The basic aim of this agenda was to help central government, local agencies and citizens to work together in an effective manner to tackle the problems caused by anti-social behavior. Till now the most common recipients of the ASBOs are young people. These young people are often considered a nuisance to the community by bad behavior problems such as drinking, minor theft etc, due to which they are banned from certain areas for specific periods of time. A report by Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JSF) discusses three main reasons as to why these young people or even adults behave anti-socially. The first reason was a decline in moral standards and family values. Secondly, there are some families that have become disengaged from the society. Thirdly, that these young people were always considered as kids and not given a chance to act like grownups (Clarke 2003). Neighborhood management is a new form of neighborhood renewal strategies. It also addresses the problems of anti-social behavior. It also focuses on community involvement; which benefits the community, brings the individuals closer and values them. Various community programs are held in order to empower the residents and keep them participated in such community acts. Strengths The main mechanisms that have been deployed to tackle anti-social behavior include the following strengths(Clarke 2003): * Improvement in the quality of life of the community. * Gives values to the residents and in result they actively participate in preventing anti-social activities. * The Respect Agenda specifically focuses on the youth by funding youth clubs and college sports teams etc * Peoples aspiration and expectation levels are raised. Weaknesses Since the introduction of the ASBO, debate has bounded it for several reasons(Clarke 2003). * Little restriction by courts on what can be termed as anti-social behavior. * Often lawful behavior is criminalized. * The penalties are open ended. * Effect of ASBOs on children and young people. Conclusion The antisocial behavior continues to be performed on adolescents. This is in opportune. Firstly, the agencies should work in partnership with other public bodies and community groups to ensure safer and stronger communities. This can be done by taking positive actions focused at the diminution of crime and disorder and humanizing the quality of life for everyone. The young children should at least once be given warning letters or home visits when involved in anti-social acts because a lot of young people have been taken in to custody who do not deserve to be there. The Dispersal Order should ensure that the restrictions and powers of the Order are well publicized to everyone, including the young people and their parents. The Respect Agenda must not only be focused on young people but should look at a broader perspective. It should create a balance in the relationships that exist between young and old to create the respect element. It should be linked to broader policy making even at the local community level (Clarke 2003). The government published a paper regarding the abolishment of ASBOs and some other court orders. These would be replaced by CBO and CPI. CBO is Criminal Behavior Order and would focus on criminal conviction in stead of the CR-ASBO, whereas CPI is Crime Prevention Injunction responsible for other cases, where someone is not convicted. The white paper says that most of the feedback regarding this new system is positive, whereas some were concerned about the funding. This new system simplifies the much complex old system and is majorly accepted by the public.Both of these unlike ASBOs need to have optimistic necessities as well as exclusions. The breach of a CBO is a criminal offence followed by a maximum prison sentence of five years. However, breach of a CPI would result in ridicule of court for which the penalty can be either a heavy fine or two years in prison(McAtamney Morgan 2009). The government has also issued Designated Public Place Orders which pose a restriction on public drinking because of the nuisances that have been experienced earlier. This Order can limit to certain areas over specific time periods. The police will have the power to regulate the consumption of alcohol in a certain area. Previously the government made a large amount of information regarding the problems people faced in the anti-social behavior area. All this information was available online.In May 2008, the government produced an Anti-social behavior guide, which gave information on a range of remedies. Although this information is still available on the archived versions of the Home Office, yet it has not been updated.The present Government has recently issued a White Paper promising to replace 19 of the orders to just six (UK Parliamanet Publications and records 2005).

Another Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

Many of Ernest Hemingway's books have had different meaning and all could be interpreted in different way, but there has never been so much written about his other stories. Well the Old Man and the Sea had more written about it than any of his other novels and there have never been so many different types of interpretations about his other novels. The Old Man and the Sea is a book in which can be interpreted in many different ways. Here you will read what many critics have composed about the story of a great writer, Ernest Hemingway. Many of the critics have the same outlook on the works of Hemingway. Hemingway's work The Old man and the Sea can be looked at in many different perspectives. All the critics believed that his styling of writing was very defined. In 1944 Ernest Hemingway went to Havana, Cuba and it was there he wrote a letter to Maxwell Perkins which states he has a idea on a new novel called The Old Man and the Sea ( Nelson and Jones 139). Hemingway first got his idea for The Old Man and the Sea from the stories that he had heard in the small fish cities in Cuba by a man named Carlos Gutierrez. He had known of this man for about twenty years and the stories of the fighting marlins. It was then that he imagined that man under the two circumstances and came up with the idea. After about twenty years of pondering on the story , he decided that he would start on the novel of The Old Man and the Sea. The story The Old Man and the Sea is about a old man named Santiago who has to over come the great forces of nature. Things seem to always go wrong for him because originally he started out going to fish for some dinner, then he caught the biggest marlin ever and it pulled him out in the bay of Cuba even more then he was. After he was pulled out, he hurt his hands and couldn't risk going to sleep because of the risk of sharks. When the sharks finally attacked he lost the marlin which had become a great part of him because he knew that no one would believe him when he told them the size of the marlin. This has to be one of the most memorable fights in a novel that I have ever seen, but I think that the way he put the novel together was just as good as that of the fight. When he put them together it was then

“Conyo Talk”: The Affirmation Of Hybrid Identity And Power In Contemporary Philippine Discource Essay

I. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM This study is conducted to find out the current status of the â€Å"conyo† talk in the Philippines. The study specifically answers and defines the following questions: 1. Origin and history of â€Å"conyo† talk in the Philippines 2. How does â€Å"conyo† talk affects the Filipino society? 3. Is â€Å"conyo† talk a part of our culture or not? 4. Why is â€Å"conyo† being discriminated? 5. Why do Filipinos love to mix languages? II. HYPOTHESIS No stated hypothesis in the study. III. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher used historical research method to examine the past events in order to identify the origin and definition of unfamiliar terms. This method also helped the researcher to broaden their experiences. It aims to determine the past eents in making the research possible. Acoording to Good and Scates (1972), the divisions of sources of historical research are the documents which report of events which are composed of impressions made on some human brain by past events and the remains of relics which are physical objects or written materials of historical value and produced without deliberately aiming to impact information. With these divisions of sources, the researcher were able to know more about the subjects past conditions that can be used for the study. IV. CONCLUSION AND FINDINGS ‘Conyo’ talk is a cultural identification where its speakers can be described as having a profound cultural ambivalence. ‘Conyo’ speakers use it not spontaneously, like in situations of code switching, but intentionally to demarcate their own space. This type of discourse is clearly used as a strategy to give the impression of being privileged socially and  economically. The switching between languages clearly conveys the multiple and complementary identities its speakers create for themselves. They have created a ‘social community’ taking on the role of stereotype images of Spaniards or Americans that exist in the Philippine popular imagination adding â€Å"local color† to their everyday discourse. They communicate with other ‘conyo’ speakers directly, without the need of explanations. Discussions on why ‘conyo’ talk exists have gone beyond face-to-face everyday conversation. ‘Conyo’ speakers have created an effective space through the help of Internet where anyone from anywhere can join in. And â€Å"space is fundamental in any form of power of communal life† (Foucault 2000, p. 361). The Philippine linguistic and cultural phenomenon â€Å"coà ±o talk† (a mix of predominantly Spanish and English with tagalog) is a type of discourse that purportedly identifies and differentiates people of ‘power’ from the common masses, and arose from the impact of Spanish and American colonization. Due to steady linguistic influences, resulting from contacts with different peoples and cultures, a word or a phrase may take on another meaning among a given group of people, entirely different from its original significance, where â€Å"a meeting of cultures in the intercultural sphere results in irreversible intra-cultural changes† (Mey 2007, p. 171). In the last decade, it has become the solution to problems of intercommunication where some Filipinos draw on the languages they know and tailor them for their specific shifting communicative needs. ‘Conyo’ talk became an emulation of how English and/or Spanish speakers talked to native Filipinos: a sentence in English and/or Spanish with some Filipino words. In time, it has become a stance among the middle class and the preferred means of communicating with others and establishing potential relationships. In conclusion, this study reflects the contradictory and shifting positions and boundaries of some Filipinos due to lack of confidence in their language fluency, social and economic status. The participants of the web discussions analyzed are searching for a comfortable position to show societal identification. On one hand, they want to affirm their right to be different and highlight their individuality, and on the other hand, they criticize everything that separates them from other individuals or threaten their individuality. Philippines is a hybridized society, and many Filipinos want to preserve the double cultural standard, maintaining the dominance of  Eng lish and Spanish as languages of power, but embracing as well their complex identities manifesting openly the hybridity of their identity as Filipino, Hispanic and Anglophone.â€Å"Conyo talk†: the affirmation of hybrid identity and power in contemporary Philippine discourse. The common ground that unites all ‘conyo’ speakers is their cultural peculiarity and historical memory. In the Philippines, despite being a colony of Spain for more than 300 years (1521-1898), Spanish has remained an exclusive language. It continues to be reserved only for the upper/middle class and university-educated people. Later, when the islands as a nation was transferred to the Americans through the Treaty of Paris in 1898, English – spoken by the educated, upper/middle class – was accorded the same privileged status. Social structures are the determining factors on how speakers behave, their particular ways of speaking, choices of words and rules for conversing. Filipinos who speak fluently Spanish and/or English are perceived to be from upper/middle class and are treated with more respect. On the other hand, Philippine languages are considered inferior and the languages of the poor and illiterates. And because of the continuous disregard for Philip pine languages and the high esteem held for Spanish and English, some Filipinos who have not come to terms with their perception of themselves as the ‘other’ created a hybrid language where they persistently identify with their former colonizers. Consequently, ‘conyo’ talk has become the response for many Filipinos who, constrained by their background and having been deprived, at one point, of ‘power’ -economic as well as social – , are constantly subjected to the idea of being ‘the other’. ‘Conyo’ talk has become a metaphor of what they have been denied – the Spanish language, and an affirmation of their existence and the power that should be theirs and should continually flow to them. Its representation, as Blumenberg (2010) aptly wrote, â€Å"indicates the fundamental certainties, conjectures, and judgments in relation to which the attitudes and expectations, actions and inactions, longings and disappointments, interests and indifferences, of an epoch† (p. 14). ‘Conyo’ talk has become a social-cultural default for many who want to be perceived as coming from upper-middle class, or simply an individual with ‘power’. The advent of Internet and Web discussions has opened new venues for people to discuss matters that affect society without being prejudiced. The opening threads of â€Å"What is conyo ba?†, â€Å"Why do  Filipinos love to mix languages?† and â€Å"Why are conyos discriminated?† shed light on the need to comprehend how this discourse came into being, why speakers have chosen to speak it, what it represents to them. Participants facilitate, and even guide the flow of conversations – from discussing its possible origins, their position towards its speakers or the discourse itself to expressing themselves in ‘conyo’. It is evident, from the examples cited, that its speakers endeavor to assert their identity as Filipino, Hispanic and Anglophone. They have created among themselves a type of jargon that is textually mediated where norms and rules are flexible, subject to interlocutors’ interpretations, and as in many social practices, they facilitate â€Å"perceived anomalies to pass, in order to make sense of the rules and make the coding categories ‘fit’ the data† (Firth 2009, p. 69). Thus, when two participants wrote in Spanish: â€Å"?porque hay conyo? para el pene puede lo entre.† and â€Å"exactamente, Una mujer tiene un conyo asà ­ que puedo utilizar mi pene serà ¡ malo que una mujer tenga†, no one seemed to mind the faulty grammar; on the contrary, the intention was accurately understood by some and were amused by these remarks. ‘Conyo’ talk’s unwritten rules of conduct aremultifunctional and reflexively relate to its context of use. It is like a language game where the interactants position themselves intersubjectively. Thus, when one reads â€Å"Yu-uck, that’s sooo s-q-H2o!† or â€Å"OMGeesshh dude pare bro labuyo!†, only a person familiar with this type of discourse can understand and infer the utterances’ meanings and allow themselves to be subjected to it. In this case, comprehension is achieved â€Å"procedurally and contextually in what is said is invariably assessed in a particular, loc al context, by particular persons, at particular moment† (Ibid., p. 71) IV. ANALYSIS Just like English and Tagalog, â€Å"conyo† talk is just another way of Filipinos, especially the teens, to express and to communicate. Despite being referred to as the way of the â€Å"rich kids† to talk, â€Å"conyo† talk can be heard almost all around the Philippines, especially, in conversations in almost all of the universities in the Metro Manila. Students from private schools and universities are more likely to be heard talking in a â€Å"conyo† way. English and Tagalog words are combined to make a sentence or phrase. I can say that to talk in a â€Å"conyo† way is part of the Filipino students’ culture, especially those who are in the â€Å"higher ups† in our society. But looking on the brighter side of it, I noticed that this â€Å"conyo† talk shows how intelligent the Filipinos are. It may sound annoying, but only the Filipinos can do that to talk with each other using a combination of two languages. They can position themselves more easily without fear of retaliation or ridicule as well as express solidarity, difference and/or power similar to everyday interactions or the hybridity-of-the-everyday. Participants use a more informal language, colloquial forms and other features that are usually associated with spoken language. In this case, hybridity occurs in the responses to the threads posted in reaction to positioning within the ambiguity of what is a Filipino. Are Filipinos only Asians, Hispanics, or Anglophones, or all of these? At the same time, in their continual accommodations of positions and power differences the idea of otherness may haunt the possibility of identification, for in many multiethnic societies such as the Philippines, â€Å"discourse is bounded by the essentialism of social status† (Tate 2007). Factors independent of specific speakers and circumstances, such as economic forces, power relation as well as factors directly related to speakers’ social networks and relationships, their attitudes and their self-perception and perception of others, influence their use of one or another language, or both. In virtual interactions, due to anonymity, member participants have more freedom to create identities to reflect their thoughts and belief. V. REFERENCES http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/linguelinguaggi/article/viewFile/12641/11252 Blumenberg, H. 2010, Paradigms for a Metaphorology, Cornell University Press, U. S. Bhabha, H. 1990, Dissemination, in Bhabha, H. (ed.), Nation and Narration, Routledge, New York, pp. 291-323. Firth, A. 2009, Ethnomethodology, in D’hondt, S., Ostman, J.O. and Verscheren, J. (eds.), The Pragmatics of Interaction, John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 66-78 Mey, J. 2007, Developing pragmatics interculturally, in Kecskes, I and Horn, L (eds.),Exploration in Pragmatics, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 165-189.

Personal College Essay

My Personal College Essay By Dina Elyamany My heart froze and my stomach churned as I imagined the red-colored blood gushing out of him like a waterfall. I grabbed my doctor equipment and, with shaking hands, started stitching the wound in his chest with fear that something might go wrong. After sealing the cut, I checked the heart monitor, and a big smile appeared on my face. My teddy bear was safe and alive, and I was an outstanding six-year-old doctor. After finishing surgery, I skipped into the waiting room to see my clinic filled with my sister’s Barbies who needed a heart replacement because Ken had broken their hearts.As a child, I always thought the people I knew could be replaced or brought back to life if something bad happened to them, like the toys I owned. However, one day showed me I was wrong. On a dull Wednesday afternoon, my parents dropped me off at my aunt's house so they could go to work. I spent the whole day talking to the dolls in my aunt's special colle ction before realizing my aunt never came to check on me. Wondering, I walked to her room through the open door; she was lying on the floor motionless, her mouth slightly open, and no spirit left inside her body.That day I learned she could not be replaced. After seeing the image of my aunt's empty body, I woke up to realize that I had been living in a fantasy where people never die. Because of what happened to my aunt, I decided to become a real doctor who would save humans from unnecessary death. I knew that I would have to study my hardest to earn the required test scores to get into the top medical college. But living in Egypt, I knew my dream was not going to be accomplished since well-connected people steal the high test scores for their children.When I turned eleven, my parents brought me to live in the United States. I will always remember my first day in a school in America: I walked to my sixth grade class with a heart pounding like a noisy watch. As I sat in my seat and w atched everyone carefully, I remember thinking that my English would never be fluent as theirs. That day and every day, I went home and studied. Within six months my English became as normal as an average American’s and my medical dream was born once again.After I entered high school, doing well got a little harder. But I just studied more to be able to follow my dream. Through my experiences in America, I have learned some important truths. If I do not go after what I want, I will never have it; if I do not ask, the answer will always be no; and if I do not step forward, I will always be in the same place. I also have come to realize that people can live in my heart but not in my life. And the six-year-old doctor is now even more empowered to work toward her dream.

Spy Jobs at the CIA

Spy Jobs at the CIA So, you want to be a spy. The first place most people hoping to land a spy job usually look is the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Though the CIA never has and never will use the job title â€Å"Spy,† the agency does hire a few select people whose job is to gather military and political intelligence from around the world- in essence, spies. Life as a CIA Spy While the CIA offers a wide range of more traditional job opportunities, its Directorate of Operations (DO), formerly called the National Clandestine Service (NCS), hires â€Å"Covert Investigators† who- by any means necessary- gather information needed to protect U.S. interests in foreign countries. This information is used to keep the President of the United States and Congress apprised of threats of terrorism, civil unrest, government corruption, and other crimes.   Once again, a CIA spy job is not for everyone. Looking only for â€Å"the extraordinary individual who wants more than a job,† the Directorate of Operations calls spying â€Å"a way of life that will challenge the deepest resources of your intelligence, self-reliance, and responsibility,† demanding â€Å"an adventurous spirit, a forceful personality, superior intellectual ability, toughness of mind, and the highest degree of integrity.† And, yes, a spy job can be dangerous, because, â€Å"You will need to deal with fast-moving, ambiguous, and unstructured situations that will test your resourcefulness to the utmost,† according to the CIA. ThoughtCo / Vin Ganapathy Careers at the CIA For people who consider themselves up to the many challenges of working as a spy, the CIA’s Directorate of Operations currently has four entry-level positions for qualified job seekers who have completed extensive agency training programs. Core Collectors and Operations Officers spend most of their time abroad recruiting, handling, and protecting persons who provide foreign HUMINT- human intelligence.Core Collectors and Collection Management Officers manage the work of the Core Collectors and Operations Officer, and evaluate and distribute the HUMINT they gather to the U.S. foreign policy community and intelligence community analysts.Staff Operations Officers act as liaisons between the CIA’s U.S. headquarters and field officers and agents overseas. They travel extensively and must be experts in either specific world regions or threats like terrorism.  Specialized Skills Officers might work anywhere using their military experience, or specialized technical, media, or language skills to conduct or support all CIA operations. Job titles in these areas include Collection Management Officer, Language Officer, Operations Officer, Paramilitary Operations Officer, Staff Operations Officer, and Targeting Officer. Depending on the position for which they applied, successful entry-level job candidates will go through the CIA’s Professional Trainee Program, the Clandestine Service Trainee Program, or the Headquarters Based Trainee Program. After successfully completing the training program, entry-level employees are assigned to a career track based matching his or hers demonstrated experience, strengths, and skills to the current needs of the agency. CIA Spy Job Qualifications All applicants for all CIA jobs must be able to provide proof of U.S. citizenship. All applicants for jobs in the Directorate of Operations must have a bachelors degree with a grade point average of at least 3.0 and qualify for government security clearance. Applicants for jobs involving gathering human information must be proficient in a foreign language- the more the better. Hiring preference is generally given to applicants with demonstrated experience in the military, international relations, business, finance, economics, physical science, or nuclear, biological or chemical engineering. As the CIS is quick to point out, spying is a career dominated by stress. People lacking strong stress management skills should look elsewhere. Other helpful skills include multitasking, time management, problem-solving, and excellent written and verbal communication skills. Since intelligence officers are often assigned to teams, the ability to work with and lead others is essential. Applying for CIA Jobs Especially for spying jobs, the CIA’s application and vetting process can be trying and time-consuming.   Much like in the movie â€Å"Fight Club,† the CIA’s first rule of applying for spy jobs is never tell anybody you are applying for a spy job. While the agency’s online information never uses the word â€Å"spy,† the CIA clearly warns applicants never to reveal their intention to be one. If nothing else, this proves the future spy’s much-needed ability to hide his or her true identity and intentions from others. Jobs in the Directorate of Operations can be applied for online on the CIA’s website. However, all prospective applicants should carefully read about the application process before doing so. As an added level of security, applicants are required to create a password-protected account before proceeding with the application. If the application process is not completed within three days, the account and all information entered will be deleted. As a result, applicants should make sure they have all of the information needed to complete the application and plenty of time to do so.  In addition, the account will be disabled as soon as the application process is completed. Once the application is completed, applicants get an on-screen confirmation. No mail or email confirmation will be sent. Up to four different positions can be applied for on the same application, but applicants are asked not to submit multiple applications. Even after the CIA accepts the application, pre-employment evaluation and screening may take as long as a year. Applicants who make the first cut will be required to undergo medical and psychological testing, drug testing, a lie-detector test, and an extensive background check. The background check will be structured to assure the applicant can be trusted, cannot be bribed or coerced, is willing and able to protect sensitive information, and has not or ever has pledged allegiances to other countries. Because much of a CIA spy’s work is done covertly, even heroic performance rarely gets public recognition. However, the agency is quick to recognize and reward outstanding workers internally. Directorate of Operations employees serving abroad get competitive pay and benefits including lifetime health care, free international travel, housing for themselves and their families, and educational benefits for their family members.

Literature Analysis Sample of #8220;A Day No Pigs Would Die#8221;

Literature Analysis Sample of #8220;A Day No Pigs Would Die#8221; Somebody once told me that a cow wont bite. That somebody is as wrong as a sin on Sunday (pg. 8). This little incident is the event that really gets the story on a move. A Day No Pigs Would Die narrates Robert Pecks adolescent life in rural Vermont during the nineteen twenties. A Day No Pigs Would Die is a true story, written in first person, through the eyes of a Robert Newton Peck. The mood of the this story is smooth and uneventful with a few spots of joy and sadness. Much of the mood is derived from the plain and natural setting of rural Vermont. A Day No Pigs Would Die takes place during the nineteen twenties on the Pecks family farm and the surrounding New England countryside. The Pecks own a simple farm consisting of a dark brown log farmhouse, a plank board corn-cratch, and an old log milk barn. To the north of the Peck farm lies the Tanners farm. The Tanners farm is much newer and larger with many sprawling pastures and a large, modern milk barn. Behind these two farms, a hi gh ridge stretches in to the rolling Vermont foothills. From on top of this ridge Robert can see almost to Rutland. The site of the bustling and exciting county fair. The protagonist of A Day No Pigs Would Die is a five-foot tall, skinny, loving and sensitive farm boy with brown hair and brown eyes named Robert Peck. Robert is an innocent romantic who dreams of fame. He is very excited about learning and because of this he begins to inwardly questions generations of traditions and religious beliefs. Although Robert is not a fighter, he is strong willed. Nevertheless, he often tolerates injustices for the sake of other peoples feelings. Robert is often confused by the evils of the world. Sometimes he finds himself atop the ridge behind his farm trying to piece together some of is troubles. There are a number of antagonists in A Day No Pigs Would Die. Nature seems to cause the most trouble for the Robert and his family. The Pecks are always scrambling to grow enough food to last through the next cold season. Another prevalent antagonist is Roberts situation. Robert wants to be famous but, that is against his religion. Also, his family does not have enough money to send him college or anywhere else. An additional antagonist is the time period. The twenties were a time of change for many Americans. Robert wants to change but, his family, his town and his peers are unsympathetic. A Day No Pigs Would Die has a very complex and important cast of secondary characters. The secondary characters include: Roberts immediate family, his neighbors and Pinky (A pig that is also Roberts best friend). Roberts father, Haven Peck is the most significant secondary character. The climax and denouement of this story are both dependent on him. Haven is a sixty-year-old farmer. He is a good and simple man who loves his family. Haven lives a hard life running the family farm and slaughtering hogs for extra money. He never learned to read or write so he encourages these skills in Robert. Roberts mother is a gentle who does not play a important part in the story but, is always there for Robert when he needs a loving hand. She takes care of the house and cooks the meals. Roberts aunt Carrie does not play an important role either. She lives on the farm though. Pinky, the pig, is Roberts best friend. Pinky was just a squealy piglet when Mr. Tanner, the Pecks neighbor, gave her to Robe rt. As the story progresses Pinky and Robert spend more and more, time together. Pinky follows Robert while he does his chores. They go on walks together and Robert even takes Pinky to the Rutland County Fair where she wins a blue ribbon for best-behaved pig (pg. 100). The Tanners are a younger couple who sees Robert as the son they never had. They often take Robert with them on their trips to town. Widow Bascom is also one of the Pecks neighbors. She was once a stingy woman who, on occasion, hit Robert with a broomstick (pg. 81). She fell in love with a hired hand named Ira Long (pg. 79) and her wickedness disappeared. There are many struggles in A Day No Pigs Would Die. The most consequential was the conflict between Robert and his life. All of the minor conflicts pertain to the conflict between Robert and his life. Robert wants be famous and rich. He knows this will be a terrific challenge. Robert wants to be affluent. Unfortunately that is against his familys religion. Robert is constantly butting heads with his father about their moral and religious beliefs (pg. 25). Robert wants to lead a happy, carefree life but, he never has the chance to amid the misfortunes in his adolescence. Another significant conflict involves the Pecks and nature. The pecks are continuously toiling have enough food to make it through the next winter (pg. 116). A smaller conflict is between The Pecks and the Tanners. This conflict is never recognized directly. The Pecks are silently envious of the Tanners fertile and beautiful farm. Through the course of A Day No Pigs Would Die it was understood that Pinky would grow up to be a brood sow, baring a litter of piglets three to four times a year for the Pecks to sell(pg. 23). In late November Robert makes arrangements to have Pinky bred with Mr. Tanners boar (pg. 123). After Pinky has been bred two times and does not become pregnant or even into full heat it is obvious that she is unable to conceive (pg. 134). Roberts Father decides that Pinky must be slaughtered for food. This is the turning point of the book. After Pinky is found to be unable to bare offspring she must be slaughtered. Robert knows this and dreads it with all his heart. One brisk November morning Robert and his father take to the task of slaughtering Pinky(pg. 135). Robert must hold Pinky, who he loves dearly, as her intestines plop onto his feet and she starts to squeal hysterically. Robert wants nothing more than to stop Pinkys suffering, though he knows he cannot. Robert endures a gray and dismal winter in which his father his fights a horrible lung infection. The denouement of this story comes one chilly morning in early spring. Robert wakes to milk the cow, goes to the barn and finds his father dead on the hay(pg. 141). Robert alerts his mother and a simple funeral is arranged. All of the Pecks neighbors and friends come to pay respect for their deceased companion. After the service Robert buries his father in the family plot on a peaceful corner of the farm. In conclusion, the theme of A Day No Pigs Would Die is that of hard farm life. A life that when things are bad one can not stop to grieve or vomit. Lives that most people choose not to live anymore. A life that some feel is dangerous and laborious. A life that may be hard, laborious, and even dangerous but, someone had live it.

Bootstrap Time

Bootstrap Time This essay is not about the whipping kind of bootstrap, but the kind you pull yourself up I received an anonymous request on my website, but I replied, wanting so badly to help this person get centered in his fight to be a writeror his enlightenment that maybe he isnt cut out to be a writer. Yes, there are some of those out there, and believe it or not, they never recognize themselves. I will not quote the person because the grammar was poor, but it went something like this: I have written a book. A well-known publisher wants to publish it. The publisher said it needed lots of work. They will not publish it on their own because of the work it needs. If I still want it published, theyll do so for $2,000. I want this book to reach people. Can you help me get money to make it happen? This is how many books on Amazon, Barnes Noble, Kobo, and more become published. This poor individual thought that paying the money would get someone to look at the book, fix it, and put it out there. I wrote him back and told him to forget about publishing and start learning how to write. If a vanity press tells him that the book needs work, dangthe book needs work. Time to suck it up and face the fact that his writing needs serious attention over a serious period of time until the book is as good as it can be. In other words Anyone can publish a book. Only good books sell. Only well promoted good books sell well. And you control it all. Nothing will make you feel more accomplished than to sweat blood and learn: 1) how to write 2) how to edit 3) how to publish (all methods) 4) how to sell There are too many tools and resources out there not to educate yourself. Yes, it takes time. All good things in life take time and dedication. My wish for you is to feel the fire to make your writing work well.

Provide critical arguments in support or against the statement that Essay

Provide critical arguments in support or against the statement that 'Leaders from Enron are accountable for its downfall as th - Essay Example Though the company seems to be very highly praised by outsiders but internally the company had a much decentralized decision making structure and financial control system which made very difficult for outsiders to get a clear view of the company activities and its operations (O’Rourke, 2007, p.199). This problem is not only due to the poor managerial performance but also due to the departmental issues which are involved in the process of ruining the ethical values and the principles of the company. The executives and the managers are the primary people responsible for the downfall of the company for not maintaining the corporate culture and transparencies in the business process. If the operational management team have worked in a proper manner in full force it could have been possible for Enron Corporation to escape the tragedy (Spedding & Rose, 2007, p.543). About the company Enron being one of the most innovative companies in America for six consecutive years and was ranked 7th on the fortune 500 companies. The Houston, Texas based firm was considered as one of the greatest energy trading companies of the world (Sterling, 2002, p.111). In the year 2000 the company reached its summit with above 19,000 people and approximately with a annual revenue of more than $100 billion. The mission statement of the CEO Kenneth Lay was not only to become the greatest company in the energy sector but also to become the world largest company. With the deregulation in the energy sector during 1980’s the business became very risky both for the customer as well as for the companies. At this critical situation Enron came with an indigenous solution of leveraging its large network of pipelines for the construction of the gas bank to act as intermediary in the transaction process which in turns lowers the risk in the market. Enron introduced a concept of buying and selling on a certain dates at a certain price with an extra premium to ensure safety against risk. The man behind this innovative idea came from the CEO and President of the firm Jeffrey Skilling. He then introduced many more products along with the gas bank. The products include various derivatives of energy and swap for Enron’s trading partners and stakeholders (Fusaro & Miller, 2002, p.31). These products give the option to the people to buy gas in the future at a predetermined fixed price which gives the company the opportunity to trade at a fixed price even when the market price is floating. This innovative strategy gave the firm immense opportunity growth irrespective of the market condition (Lawrence & Weber, n.d., p. 450-451). Rise of Enron With the new innovative way of business Skilling began to change the whole corporate culture of Enron. He recruited the best professionals from the industry to compete with the largest and most prestigious investment banks. With the immense growth and reputation for the outsiders the internal culture slowly transformed to a darker t one. With the harshest employee ranking system,

Sand creek massacre Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sand creek massacre - Research Paper Example Though there was chaos and panic upon the start of the attack, some Native Americans refused to fight. Chief Black Kettle and Chief White Antelope of the Cheyenne stood with their arms folded, having unsuccessfully tried to stop the raid, signifying that even now they would not take up arms or move against the attacking soldiers3. Chief Black Kettle also hoisted the American flag atop his lodge, along with the white flag of surrender, as he had been promised by Colonel Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, that should he fly the American flag he would be under the protection of the soldiers and kept safe4. However, on that day, it did not help to save his people. Men, women, and children were killed without reason or sympathy, even those that put white cloth on sticks and showed their surrender5. Nothing mattered to Chivington but clearing out the Native Americans, and their hatred knew few bounds. Chivington wasted no time in celebration. He gleefully sent a telegram that informed his superiors of his victory, stating that between 400 and 500 Native American warriors were killed (in reality, it was 105 women and children, and 28 men)6. However, Chivington took delight in making it sound as though it had been the result of a very long and hard-won battle, praising his officers lavishly as he did so7. He had lost only nine men and had 38 wounded, mostly from friendly fire8. The encampments of both tribes were burned to the ground, on the orders of Colonel Chivington, before the soldiers rode away9. Though the bloodlust for Native Americans had been satisfied, the results would damage Native American relations for years to come. Chivington, as well as others, were called to testify before Congress, to the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. According to the published report, it was found that his acts were

Analyse the economic objectives of the United States government and Essay

Analyse the economic objectives of the United States government and the effectiveness of its macroeconoic policies over the las three years - Essay Example Stagflation was once witnessed in the economic turmoil of the 1970s due to which economic imbalance was experienced. However despite the economic consequences of policies, we explore in this paper to what extent macroeconomic policies have remained successful or unsuccessful over the last three years in the light of economic objectives to cover unemployment, inflation, expenditure and balance of economic growth. Unemployment is the foremost macroeconomic indicator that within any economy irrespective of per capita GDP is responsible for deriving income from labor market earnings. With falling living standards and rising unemployment, the macroeconomic policies have failed to lower down the rate of unemployment as the rate of unemployment in 2007 was 6 million which in 2008 has risen to 9 million and is still keep on increasing during this economic recession. Avila & Usabiaga (2007) points out that macroeconomic policies have permanent or long-lasting effects on the unemployment rates of various US states (Avila & Usabiaga, 2007). However the impact of such policies and their persistence to our economy indicates that a high degree rise in unemployment is due to the restrictive demand policies that have become permanent component of the economy, thus leading to a higher natural rate of unemployment. This way the macroeconomic results have suggested that the prevailing tendency of U.S. state unemployment rates to fall from the high level was only witnessed after the first oil shock which also gives an indication that labor market reforms and stabilization policies have been implemented in the right direction (ibid). Policies regarding public finance claims that only the most central, national government can successfully manage US economys macro-economic swings and the resulting unemployment of labour and economic resources. The macroeconomics in this case does not held itself responsible for the inability to

THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST - Essay Example Most of these groups were Christians and they included Armenians, Balkan, Persians among others (Howland, 1940). Because of Osman, Orhan, Murad I, and Bayezid I the Ottoman-Turkish Empire emerged as the most powerful Empire in the world. These leaders originated from the Turkish tribe and formed a dynasty of professional officers that led the empire in conquering Christians, Europe and other states in the Middle East. Howland (1940) argues that Ottoman-Turkish Empire was created by Turkish tribe. In addition, it was led by Osman I from r. 1290 to 1326. During that time Osman I converted many soldiers from other religions to Islam and made them Turkish warriors. These warriors were the custodian of Islamic faith and held the title ‘ghazi’. The warriors fought against the Christian Byzantine state and their success meant the spread of Islamic religion in lands that they conquered. However, Langer and Blake (1932) claim that, since Osman’s ancestors were from the Kayi tribe Ottoman-Turkish Empire was, therefore, founded by that tribe. In my opinion, Langer and Blake’s arguments are based on false assumptions. If Osman belonged in the line of his ancestors, it does not make Kayi tribe the founder of Ottoman-Turkish Empire. Instead, it is the people who physically volunteered in forming the Empire that would be identified as the founders. However, Langer and Blake would have argued that Kayi tribe was one of the contributors to the formation of Ottoman-Turkish tribe. This is because Osman’s ancestors were the founders of the dynasty. On the other hand, Howland assumptions are true. Indeed, the Turkish tribe established Ottoman-Turkish Empire under the influence of Osman I. The empire was a combination of Osman’s people, known as the Ottoman, and the Turks. Furthermore, the two groups happened to be in a similar geographical location called the Anatolia where they settled in 1071. Turks came into the

Comparison and Contrast between life before internet and after Essay - 2

Comparison and Contrast between life before internet and after internet - Essay Example Likewise, telephonic messages that actually came into existence before internet helped people in conveying messages from one place to other regardless of geographical location. This particular fact provides evidence that life of people before and after internet has been quite similar in relation to the messaging system. This is because the system of exchanging messages through text messages and mails tends to be quite similar. Internet has resulted in changing peoples’ life pattern, however, the rudimentary social pattern of life has remained the same irrespective of the changes induced by internet. It has been revealed that the communication system of youngsters have persisted to be the same i.e. most of them use the conventional means of social interaction wherein internet is executed like a telephone.Therefore, it can be affirmed that the life of people before internet and after internet has remained the same in relation to their social interaction process and psychological well-being. In fact, internet has created a platform for enhancing the traditional interaction process along with evolving relationships amid individuals in the society. Thus, the social and psychological paradigms of peoples’ life have been quite similar before and after the initiation of internet. On the contrary, there has been a huge difference in the life of people before internet and after internet. People in order to entertain themselves used to devote more time to watching television or through other means such as visiting parks.

Sports media advertising Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sports media advertising - Term Paper Example This "Sports media advertising" essay outlines the impact of the sport advertisement on our society and our behaviour. Sports have been termed as one major currency and I believe it is because of the major investments that these events are accompanied with. Between 1998 and 2008 for example, various broadcasting houses were able to spend massively to ensure that they got broadcasting rights to Olympic events. This represents the economic value that sporting events and their images possess. Many market players have been for years interested in utilizing sporting events for purposes of promoting their business as evidenced by the massive payments they make to advertising agencies in such events. I can argue that this is because of the appeal that sports advertisement has on people who watch the event whether live or via television. Sports are seen by many in my opinion, to be a true reflection of the modern civilized world. Sporting events have the ability to articulate both local and international cultures while at the same time including various aesthetics. Sports form a unique tool for media advertisers because of their ability to draw large audiences through entertainment. They capture people from different cultures and therefore an ideal tool that can be utilized for purposes of advertising. The manner in which sports are structured also serves as a good ground for advertising. Consumers are attracted to sporting events because of uncertainties in their outcome, rules that govern them and commercial breaks in each event. Sports are a depiction of human drama and this is the justification of their popularity amongst people. They appeal to many because originally, some sporting events were reported in the news and that is where they originated. The increase in media complexity has therefore impacted on the way most businesses seek to advertise during sporting events. Sports fans form a larger part of audience that I believe is an idiosyncratic kind of consumers that is targeted by many consumers (Max, 2005). The way fans are loyal to their teams taking part in the sporting event is therefore a clear reflection of how a consumer can be tied to a commodity. In addition, major sporting events throughout the year form part of a fans emotional calendar and this is mostly utilized by business personalities in ensuring that they reach their consumers. Fans have a tendency of making a follow up of their team’s performance whether winning or losing. Apart from their loyalty, most fans in a sporting even t are normally a huge audience that is diverse. They are therefore a recipient of all types of advertisers because of the diversity that they carry with them into the event. The other advantage that sports advertising carries with it is the ability to easily categorize the fans into various sections depending on what they can be able to consume. In line with this, fans in any given sporting event that is targeted by business people can be categorized into their level of education and the income that they earn. People who are educated can participate in a sporting event and thereafter come out with the spillover effect of advertisement, which has an added advantage to business people in the long run. This has been popularly termed as direct sports consumption whereby fans have a tendency to consume something because it was advertised during the time when the sporting event was on. Sports media advertisement is also seen as advantageous because the rate or frequency at which each even t is repeated helps in creating

Comparison and Contrast between life before internet and after Essay - 2

Comparison and Contrast between life before internet and after internet - Essay Example Likewise, telephonic messages that actually came into existence before internet helped people in conveying messages from one place to other regardless of geographical location. This particular fact provides evidence that life of people before and after internet has been quite similar in relation to the messaging system. This is because the system of exchanging messages through text messages and mails tends to be quite similar. Internet has resulted in changing peoples’ life pattern, however, the rudimentary social pattern of life has remained the same irrespective of the changes induced by internet. It has been revealed that the communication system of youngsters have persisted to be the same i.e. most of them use the conventional means of social interaction wherein internet is executed like a telephone.Therefore, it can be affirmed that the life of people before internet and after internet has remained the same in relation to their social interaction process and psychological well-being. In fact, internet has created a platform for enhancing the traditional interaction process along with evolving relationships amid individuals in the society. Thus, the social and psychological paradigms of peoples’ life have been quite similar before and after the initiation of internet. On the contrary, there has been a huge difference in the life of people before internet and after internet. People in order to entertain themselves used to devote more time to watching television or through other means such as visiting parks.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay I enjoyed reading â€Å"the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† during my English class. The novel is about a young boy, Huck, searching of freedom and adventure. Through all the journeys in river, he meets Jim, and they become good at friends. From Jim, Huck learns a lot of lessons to improve himself as a decent person. Their friendship is so precious in the novel. Some say that there was deep racism with discrimination between black people and white people in the novel. Furthermore, some claim that the novel shows their discrimination to black slaves without sensing the slave’s humanity. However, the liberty, humanity, and respectability of black people are identified by the relationship between Huck and Jim. In â€Å"Selling Huck Finn down the river: A response to Jane Smiley†, Seymour Chwast demonstrates that Jim is a typical black character as â€Å"ignorant, superstitious, and passive† and exposes the racism in the novel. At the beginning of the novel, Jim’s superstitions sometimes lead to the essences of silliness . From this perspective, Jim seems stupid and ignorant, because he believes in some foolish superstitions that do not make sense at all. For example, Jim say that Huck killing a spider that would bring bad luck , and the hair-ball used to tell fates . Jim‘s superstitions slightly portray him as an inactive and stubborn slave. Jim is also considered as an object which can be sold and bought by the white people in the novel. According to this view, racism is clearly exposed through Jim. In â€Å" Say it ain’t so,Huck:Second thoughts on Mark Twain ‘s masterpiece†, Jane Smiley states that the word â€Å"nigger† is used over and over by Huck to call Jim. To this point, I think he means the white man such as Huck, or even Twain doesn’t feel sorry or have any excuse for prejudice against black people. Huck is a white person, and he was raised in white society, so he believes that black people were lower than white people. For instance, Huck used Jims status as a black slave against Jim in arguments over why French people speak differently than Americans. The use of word â€Å"nigger† is pointed out by readers who sense that Twain use the word too much or too freely. The readers feel uncomfortable when they clearly see the unfairness of Twain putting on character Jim, because Twain doesn’t really care about Jim’s aspiration for freedom in the introduction of the novel. In the other hand, some say that Twain is not a racist novelist because he uses Huck to get back the justice for Jim in later chapters of the novel. In the novel, we can clearly see Huck was against his society to help Jim escape. Huck knows that he is doing wrong according to the view of the whole society , but he does not care about that and keeps helping Jim until the end. My own view is that Huck has a pure heart, so he can easily see the injustice in his society. Chwast also claims , â€Å"Huck’s recognition of Jim’s humanity and dignity† to supports this view with his satisfaction . Huck slowly realized that Jim is as smart as the white people with his profound knowledge about the world. At first, his superstitions seemed to be foolish, but later it became true to the fact of the world. For example, Jim predicted that the bad luck would come to them after Huck killed the snake, and he was right about that, because the dead snake’s friend revenged for its friend by biting Jim. Jim used his comprehension to benefit both, and he rejected to let Huck see the body in the floating house, because that body is the body of Huck’s father. I think Jim is a kind-hearted person by caring and protecting Huck through that moment. He acted as a role of the father caring for his son. Therefore, Huck slowly admitted that Jim is an honest, moral and intelligent person. Their friendship became closer. Some say that their friendship is the foundation to break race barriers in the novel. According to this view, Jim shows the faithfulness to Huck in chapter fifteen. For example , Jim showed his happiness at seeing Huck alive after they are separated by fog. It is apparent that Jim will sacrifice himself to ensure Huck’s safety. However, Huck in that moment still had been thinking kind of unequal treatment against Jim. . Huck in that moment was not able to sacrifice himself to Jim’s safety. In fact, Huck deceived Jim about his dream that they were apart by fog. Later, Jim found out the truth that Huck had tricked him by seeing the leaves and rubbish on the raft. From that moment, Huck felt guilty for making Jim feel so bad . As Huck himself put it, â€Å"It made me feel so mean I could almost kiss his foot to get him to take it back. † In my own view, I think kissing Jim foot is a sign of apology. After that incident, I think Huck started to be aware about Jim’s feeling. He would never call Jim by the word† nigger† again and do such bad things to hurt Jim’s feeling . Smiley also gives credit to Huck by praising Huck ‘s recognition of Jim ‘s humankind and self respect that makes their friendship so cherished to transform the racism inside Huck to love and scarification for Jim’s safety later. To this point , readers think Huck no longer had the prejudice to Jim, and Huck did something against racism that would help Jim be free. , Huck can see the true equalities between white people and black people, regardless of what he may have been taught by society. Overall, I believe that Huck has a better understanding of race than the society around him, because he finally realized that what he did is not against the justice, fairness and equality. Huck gives the readers a view into that is against white American view about racism. The white man will help the black man if he deserves it. The black man will find a justice if he acts as good as Jim. There is a question against this perspective: what would have happened if Jim did not have a good personality? Did Huck company with Jim all the way and sacrifice himself to help Jim get back the freedom? Overall, some readers have judged Jim as being too passive in the beginning of the novel, but he remains all kinds of kindness than other characters in the novel. Jim can be described as a very decent person with a good personality who provides a practical and decent example for Huck to improve himself. Thus, Twain successfully uses the relationship between Huck and Jim to expose the racism against black people in the nineteen century. Therefore, the novel is a great novel that allows young people to see racism and learn how and why it is wrong.

Analysis of Treatment Options for Depression

Analysis of Treatment Options for Depression Cognitive Therapy Donna Thompson An accruing relapse of depression is hard to overcome nevertheless; preventing these relapses is the key. The length of depression constitutes a major problem in the treatment of depression. The aim of any treatment is to lessen relapses and the recurrence of depression in patients. All patterns are different and the level in mental codes that are used in the treatment of depression Antidepressant medications (ADMS) are a common form of treatment for major depression. However, not all individuals want to take medications since the side effects could be lethal or unwanted. There have been other studies for treatment such as; BA (Behavioral Activation) treatment. Depression can lead to suicide and the feeling of hopelessness that lays dormant in people who attempt suicide. Cognitive therapy has a few sessions that target suicide tendencies due to Cognitive therapy targets the key reasons. Clinical practice concentrates on group therapy and the format is recommended to help people with depression. Group methods can be seen as evidences as implementing an intervention. Literature Review Brown, G. K. (2005) discovered that treatments that prevent the repeat of suicide attempts is limited. The research is based on randomized trials that concentrates on treatment differences between medications and therapy. DeRubeis et al (2005) found that experienced therapist could be as effective as medications. The research was done at top universities and clinics such as: University of Pennsylvania, Vanderbilt University and more. The research used a controlled placebo trial target at the similarities of cognitive therapy. Dimidjian et al (2006) researched AMD (antidepressant medication) against cognitive therapy. There is very little study and cognitive therapy has not been proven to help. The research was based on the testing of cognitive therapy against the AMD. The research founded that with experience cognitive therapy helped more than the medication. Scope et al (2013) research is based on cognitive therapy evidence in helping PND (postnatal depression) victims. This study compared one on one therapy against group therapy and suggested an intervention in the current standards. The research reviewed the evidence scientifically. Teasdale et al (1995) research was based on the theory that relapses of depression can be reduced by cognitive therapy during the main treatment. An information analysis was used to weigh the effectiveness of the primary therapy. The research concluded that similar effects of cognitive therapy can be used in other mental disorders using meditation techniques. The Interaction to Cognitive Therapy (ICS) Study An accruing relapse of depression is hard to overcome nevertheless; preventing these relapses is the key. The length of depression constitutes a major problem in the treatment of depression. However, many evidences suggest that psychological treatments have been withdrawn to the many treatment trials that have been found in cognitive therapy such as drugs or different types of therapy that defends against depression. â€Å"The preventive interventions such as the drugs operate through effects in changing the patterns of the cognitive processing that becomes active in mild negative side effects† (Teasdale, Segal, Williams, 1995, p.25). The aim of any treatment is to lessen relapses and the recurrence of depression in patients. Therefore, the interaction to cognitive subsystems (ICS). ICS works through information that may be developed for cognitive therapy. The different aspects and experiences are represented in patterns that are qualitatively different to ICS. Different inflections and patterns seem different. Many analogies, recurring patterns are common to visual inputs from similar objects and what objects are different. All patterns are different and the level in mental codes that are used in the treatment of depression. A research done by Teasdale, et al (1995) found that the level of study denotes a concerned meaning that can be demonstrated by the similarities between a poem and a sentence (p.26). Information processing involves the transformation of patterns in one information code into patterns. Depression shows that emotional reactions occur when emotion relates to schematic models that are produced from patterns of lower level meanings and patterns that show production of depression and emotional responses. The main effect is to help control the relapse of depression. In addition, â€Å"The insight to sounds and physical sensations depends on implicated schematic models, creating propositional outputs (specific meanings) that are extreme to derive information from current sensory input† (Teasdale, Segal, Williams, 1995, p.36). Antidepressant Treatment Study Antidepressant medications (ADMS) are a common form of treatment for major depression. However, not all individuals want to take medications since the side effects could be lethal or unwanted. However, there have been other studies for treatment such as; BA (Behavioral Activation) treatment. Dimidjian et al., (2006), conducted a study that had 258 people involved and came to a census of depression stresses the affiliation between action and attitude conditions that play a role of relative changes that are linked with reduced access to support antidepressant conditions (p.660). The study indicated that BA was comparable to ADM. In the future the standard targeting avoidance behaviors will be in accordance with an earlier behavioral theory that may be an important to innovation on depression. Addressing treatments for depression has not emphasized targeting avoidances, with the exception of the use of opposite action for sadness within dialectical behavior therapy and early investigations of acceptance and commitment therapy with depressed patients. Cognitive Therapy vs Medications Antidepressant medications may treat depression. DeRubeis et al (2005) research was conducted across five universities that included 240 outpatients. He used The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), in which is a several item survey used to warn of depression, and it is used as a controller to evaluate the recovery of depression. This provided endless scores that permitted for descriptions of remission. DeRubeis et al (2005) concluded that knowledge levels of the cognitive therapists seem to have subsidized the communication. Hence, cognitive therapy can be as effective as the drugs for the primary treatment of severe depression. Nonetheless, this degree of success may depend on a higher level of therapist that has experience or expertise in treating depression (p.409). Suicide Cognitive Therapy Study Depression can lead to suicide and the feeling of hopelessness lays dormant in people who attempt suicide. Cognitive therapy has a few sessions that target suicide tendencies due to most of Cognitive therapy tries to target the key reasons such as depression or the feeling of hopelessness. Brown did a study in 2005 and the objective of the study is to test a 10-session therapy. Throughout this study many relapsed, some were watching closer than others and some had many sessions. â€Å"The severity of depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory was significantly lower for the cognitive therapy group than for the usual care group† (Brown, 2005, p. 565). The participants was broken into two groups a cognitive therapy group and a care group. The study proved that overall the cognitive therapy group had less depression and hopelessness than the care group in lesser time. Brown (2005) research concluded that â€Å"the cognitive therapy group also had significantly less hopeless than the usual care group. The severity of self-reported depression was significantly lower for the cognitive therapy group than for the usual care group† (p. 569). Psychological Therapies Study Clinical practice concentrates on group therapy and the format is recommended to help people with depression. Group methods can be seen as evidences as implementing an intervention. â€Å"Many selected studies were quality assessed, using Cochrane risk of bias tools that were data extracted by two reviews using a standardized data† (Scope et al., 2013, p.3). The method was a synthesized effect that was an inverse and variance method. The results of Meta analyses showed groups to (CBT). The current national institute for health and clinical excellence (NICE) showed that clinical guidelines was intended for postnatal mental health. The outline that is recommended is to identify and treat women with psychological interventions such as undivided cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy (IPT) for women with (PND). In any future studies that may be beneficial is a psychological intervention because it is useful for treatments that may meet the requirements of evidence based practice to (EBP) if it is applied. Conclusion The length of depression constitutes a major problem in the treatment of depression. However, many evidences suggest that psychological treatments have been withdrawn to the many treatment trials that have been found in cognitive therapy such as drugs or different types of therapy that defends against depression. Depression shows that emotional reactions occur when emotion relates to schematic models that are produced from patterns of lower level meanings and patterns that show production of depression and emotional responses. The main effect is to help control the relapse of depression. DeRubeis (2005) concluded that knowledge levels of the cognitive therapists seem to have subsidized the communication. Hence, cognitive therapy can be as effective as the drugs for the primary treatment of severe depression or other mental problems. Nonetheless, this degree of success may depend on a higher level of therapist that has experience or expertise in treating depression (p.409). An accruing relapse of depression is hard to overcome nevertheless; preventing these relapses is the key. The length of depression constitutes a major problem in the treatment of depression. The aim of any treatment is to lessen relapses and the recurrence of depression in patients. References Brown,G.K. (2005). Cognitive Therapy for the Prevention of Suicide Attempts: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Jama-journal of The American Medical Association,294(5), 563-570. doi:10.1001/jama.294.5.563 Retrieved from: http://www.behavioralhealth-ctx.org/resources/Suicide_Prevention.pdf DeRubeis,R.J., Hollon,S.D., Amsterdam,J.D., Shelton,R.C., Young,P.R., Salomon,R.M., . . . Gallop,R. (2005). Cognitive Therapy vs Medications in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Depression.Archives of General Psychiatry,62(4), 409-416. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.409 Retrieved from: http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208460 Dimidjian,S., Hollon,S.D., Dobson,K.S., Schmaling,K.B., Kohlenberg,R.J., Addis,M.E., . . . Jacobson,N.S. (2006). Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy, and Antidepressant Medication in the Acute Treatment of Adults With Major Depression.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,74(4), 658-670. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.658 Retrieved from http://ww.abnormalwootwoot.com/Cool_Abnormal_Reads_Videos_ETC._files/Dimidjia n%202006-Randomized%20Trial%20of%20Behavioral%20Activation_1.pdf Scope,A., Leaviss,J., Kaltenhaler,E., Parry,G., Sutcliffe,P., Bradburn,M., Cantell,A. (2013). Is group cognitive behavior therapy for postnatal depression evidence based practice? A systematic review.BMC Psychiatry,13(1), 1-19. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-321 Retrieved from: https://eds-b-ebscohost- com.libroxy.chapman.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=8sid=143e2edd-dfaa-4ad4-88aa- 90d630d4673d%40sessionmgr110hid=113bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVpZCxjb 29raWUsdXJsJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aphAN=92802416 Teasdale,J.D., Segal,Z., Williams,J.M. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?Behaviour Research and Therapy,33(1), 25-39. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0011-7 Retrieved from: http://oxfordmindfulness.org/wp-content/uploads/Teasdale-Segal-and- Williams-1995.pdf

Comparing How Do I Wish To Go? and Let Me Die A Youngman’s Death by :: English Literature

Comparing How Do I Wish To Go? and Let Me Die A Youngman’s Death by Roger McGough ‘How do I wish to go’ and ‘Let me die a Youngman’s death’ is showing an example of two poems of similar content being entirely different. This essay is going to compare and distinguish those similarities and differences between these two poems. First, I will talk about the similarities, then, I will move on to discuss the differences. An easy first similarity is the contents of both poems. Both poems are discussing the ways of how people want to die. The similarity is already observable from the title itself. In ‘How do I wish to go?’ it is separated into 4 stanzas, in which each stanza is talking about different situations of people dying. However, ‘Let me die a Youngman’s Death’ produces 5 stanzas, in which he describes three situations of when, where and how he wants to die. In addition, it also mentions some ways of how he doesn’t want to die. Another similarity is that the poem is set in the 1st person voice. This is shown throughout the whole of both poems. (‘Flames gripping my skirt’, ‘I achieved my final goal’ from ‘How do I wish to go?’ and ‘when I’m 73’, ‘give me a short back’ from ‘Let me die a Youngman’s death’) Because the topic of death is very personal and up close, this signifies that these poems are very personal. It creates an effect so that the reader would believe the poem even more. If the poem had been written in 2nd or 3rd voice, the poem may have an atmosphere of misunderstanding and confusion. A lot of people will be left not knowing whether the author is talking of good or bad to the person. The 1st person makes it clearer and more believable. The third and final similarity of this essay is that there is no rhyme scheme in both poems. This creates the effect that the poems are not too organized. This builds up so that the reader will know that a lot of input and thought was put into the poem and the words weren’t forced to be there, but instead was chosen wisely by the author. However, it is also important to note that despite both poems being a bit disorganized, it is also found that ‘Let me die a Youngman’s death’ is more disorganized than ‘How do I wish to go’. This will be discussed in the next paragraph. The above three points were similarities between the two poems. There are many more similarities that can be

The True Nature of King Leopolds Congo Essay -- King Leopolds Ghost

As the Scramble for Africa intensified, it became clear that certain fundamental rules had to be established; with this purpose in mind, Bismarck formed the Berlin Conference in November, 1884 (Hochschild, 84). Despite not being present at the conference, Leopold made out quite well. He gained the seaport Matadi and all the land required to build his railway from that port all the way around the rapids to Stanley Pool (Hochschild, 86). Leopold was able to gain so much because he successfully maintained the notion that this colony would be a free trade zone for Europeans; they still did not realize that he alone had a trade monopoly of the region (Hochschild, 86). The conference ended in February, 1885 and in May of that year, â€Å"the king named his new, privately controlled country the État indà ©pendant du Congo, the Congo Free State† (Hochschild, 87). In 1890, an African-American named George Washington Williams discovered for himself the true nature of Leopold's Congo. Williams' path to the Congo took a curved route; he was a former soldier who earned a theology graduate's degree from Howard University, was a newspaper writer and founder, as well as a former politician and historian (Hochschild, 102-105). After being introduced to Henry Shelton Sanford during his lobbying campaign in Washington, Williams himself became enthused with the Congo and saw there an opportunity for African-Americans (Hochschild, 105). He met with Leopold for an interview, where he was as enchanted by the king and his noble mission in Africa as all who had come before (Hochschild, 106). While attempting to recruit young, black Americans for work in the Congo, he was faced with questions regarding life there; realizing his own ignorance, he perso... ...son author Adam Hochschild claims for writing King Leopold’s Ghost was â€Å"to show how profoundly European colonialism has shaped the world we live in† (Hochschild, 318). He issues a note of caution regarding the causes of the widespread despair in the Congo; that colonialism alone is insufficient to explain these terrible results, and in attempting to label it as such, ignores the myriad of other causes that create havoc and repression around the world (Hochschild, 318). Some of these other factors that have prevented African nations to become prosperous and peaceful democracies are the oppression of women, the apotheosis of militia leaders such as Mobutu, and the continuation of slave-culture (Hochschild, 318). Works Cited Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's ghost: a story of greed, terror, and heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print.

Project Management Life Cycle Essay

Four Steps of Project Management Life Cycle Project Management Life Cycle is a separation for a project. According to Ms. Cui’s research, managers can separate a whole project to some steps and connect those steps with project operation; the sum of all those steps are project management life cycle (Cui, 2011). There are four components in project management life cycle, which are time requirement, project stages, project task and project result. Generally, because the unpredictability of project, project management life cycle often uses time dimension to control and evaluate the project (Cui, 2011). There are many ways to separate project life cycle into steps. Project Management Institute in United States (PMI) separates the project life cycle into three steps: beginning stage, medium stage and final stage (Cui, 2011). Chinese Project Management Body of Knowledge (C-PMBOK) separates the project life cycle into four steps: Conception Phase, Development Phase, Implementation Phase and Final Phase. Though those two standards have some differences, both of them separate a project into many steps in order to survey and control the operation of project. In my opinion, the standard of C-PMBOK is better than the standard of PMI. C-PMBOK’s standard is not only based on time dimension but also based on activity dimension. C-PMBOK demonstrates the important aim for each stage. However, the standard of PMI is only based on time dimension and fails to demonstrate aims of stages. (1) Conception Phase In this step, the project practitioner should try his or her best to clarify the core mission, the clients’ demand, the aim and the definition of his or her project. In business, project practitioners may send a Request for Proposal (RFP) to customers. According to the feedback of RFP, project practitioner will make a basic concept for his or her project. Feasibility report and project design are two necessary documents in this step. (2) Development Phase In this step, project practitioner should make the detail plan for the whole project and discuss this plan with customers. This step is the last step before the project will be put into practice. Not only a plan, a scheduling duration should be set up for next stage. In addition, project practitioner should organize the team and arrange works. (3) Implementation Phase In this step, the project is implemented. Project team should works as the project plan and ensure all phased aims achieved. (4) Final Phase After Implementation Phase, the work of the project is finished. However, finishing all works does not means that the whole project finishes. In this step, some important work still should be done. For example, in trading business project, project practitioner should check out whether the goods are delivered to correct client and whether all invoices are paid in time. In addition, the feedback from clients and the lesson learned are both should be done in this step. People should understand that those steps above are a general method to separate the project life cycle. Both standards of C-PMBOK and PMI are guides rather than practical ways. In different industries, most of managers will use those ways to separate manage their projects. However, according to the different characters of industries, managers separate their project based on their different needs. For Instance, in urban construction industry, Morris Model is widely used in project management life cycle (Dong & Wang, 2010). Morris Model separates the project life cycle into four steps, which is same as general method. However, steps in Morris Model demonstrate the characters of urban construction industry: Feasibility step, urban planning and designing, building step and putting into use step (Dong & Wang, 2010). The Ways to Evaluate and Control the Project To ensure the project operating well and on time, the ways to evaluate and control are important. In current project management life cycle theory, three concepts are introduced to managers, which are used to evaluate the project operation. (1) Checkpoint Checkpoint is a specific time point. Managers will set up many checkpoints in each steps of project life cycle. Every checkpoint will have a specific time span with another one. Manager will compare the situation of project operation with project plan to check whether or not the project is on track. For example, when China Merchants Bank designed their new system, the manager of IT department set a checkpoint every two week to evaluate whether this employees finished their work as project plan that is 1000 lines computer programs per week. (2) Milestone Milestone is a specific time point, too. However, different with checkpoint, the project will be evaluated not only whether the time schedule is okay but also whether the quality and goal requirements are achieved on milestone. Milestone will be set after a stage work finish. In a step of project life cycle, there will be many checkpoints but only few milestones. (3) Baseline Baseline is a kind of special milestone. The stage work before a baseline will be the basis of the stage work after this baseline. For example, when airplane company designs a new plane, engine design and tuning will be a stage work followed by a baseline because of three reasons. First, the engine design and tuning should be finish in time because the fly test cannot be done without engine. Second, the quality of engine design and tune is the core element of the safety of test. Third, the engine design will be one of basics of next stage work – plane tuning. When manager set checkpoint, milestone and baseline, they need to consider carefully. If the time spans between them are too short, the evaluation will be meaningless. However, if time spans are too long, mistakes will accumulate too many and serious to be fixed and rescued. Managers should try to ensure the project is operating as schedule. If missing the checkpoint, milestone or baseline, managers need to fix their plan to chase the time expected schedule, or the project might be delay or failed on quality. Reference Gray, C. F., & Larson, E. W. (2000). Project Management: The Managerial Process. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, c2000. Project Life Cycle. (2010). Retrieved from http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F Dong, W., & Wang, J. (2010). The Project Management Life Cycle of Urban Construction Based on Parallel Engineering. Urban Construction. 4(69). 161-162. Retrieved from http://doc.mbalib.com/view/72774efdf93f3360debc6fa5f66edfd8.html Miao, Z. (2012). The Management of Core Stage of PDM Project Life Cycle. E-Work. Retrieved from http://doc.mbalib.com/view/d1b58b855dd0dc9998b3ee7d4899a771.html Cui, L. (2011). The Optimization Research of Project Management of â€Å"Graduate Student Research Project†. Journal of Guangxi University. Retrieved from http://doc.mbalib.com/view/c6c150395dca43e5a5755d199261d8b5.html